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        <r:Title>DDI3.1 Dokumentation für Studie &apos;Steuern auf Produktion und Importe in Deutschland, 1901 bis 1913.&apos;</r:Title>
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            <r:Title>Steuern auf Produktion und Importe in Deutschland, 1901 bis 1913.</r:Title>
                                        <r:Creator>Spoerer, Mark</r:Creator>
            


            <r:Publisher>GESIS - Leibniz Institut für Sozialwissenschaften</r:Publisher>

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                <dc2:title>Steuern auf Produktion und Importe in Deutschland, 1901 bis 1913.                </dc2:title>
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                Der Fokus des Beitrags von Mark Spoerer liegt auf einer Schätzung der Steuereinnahmen vor dem ersten Weltkrieg in Deutschland aus ‚Produktion und Importen‘ (vor der Revision des „System of National Accounts“ (SNA): ‚indirekte Steuern‘). In der Arbeit wird zunächst – ausgehend von der 1993 revidierten SNA– für Deutschland eine Zuordnung der einzelnen Steuerarten zur Kategorie ‚Produktions- und Importabgaben‘ für das späte 19. und frühe 20. Jahrhundert herzustellen. Auf der Grundlage der Klassifikation der Steuerarten nach der SNA – Definition für ‚Produktions- und Importabgaben‘ werden für das Jahr 1913 vergleichende statistische Quellen identifiziert, die mit den Werten für 1913 aus einer Erhebung des Statistischen Reichsamts von 1930 verbunden werden können. In dem empirischen Teil des Beitrags werden für die Kategorie „Produktions- und Importsteuer“ die Steuereinnahmen für den Zeitraum 1901 - 1913 des Reichs und der Länder und die Produktionssteuern der Kommunen für die sechs größten Bundesstaaten (Preußen, Bayern, Sachsen, Württemberg, Baden und Elsaß-Lothringen) ermittelt. In einer abschließenden Tabelle werden schließlich die Steuereinnahmen der Kategorie „Produktions- und Importabgaben“ für ganz Deutschland zusammengefasst. 
“A reconstruction of German pre-World War I economic aggregates by the incomes received approach, and possibly by the output approach as well, would lead to a problem with that already W. G. Hoffmann had to cope with. Depending on the measurement concept, the resulting aggregate series are either expressed in factor cost or in market prices. If measured accurately, the difference is ‘taxes on production and on imports&#039; - what used to be called &#039;indirect taxes&#039; before the 1993 revision of the System of National Accounts (SNA) - minus subsidies. For neither series do we have reliable data before 1925. An estimate of production and import taxes minus subsidies would allow to compare aggregates derived from either the factor cost or the market prices concept. Aggregates in terms of factor cost should anyway be transformed to market prices which is regarded as the more meaningful concept nowadays.
Thus the focus of this article is to estimate German taxes on production and on imports minus subsidies before World War I. As will be illustrated below, this is an extremely laborious task which will lead us in the depths of early 20th century fiscal statistics which were recorded independently on all three levels of the German ‘Gebietskörperschaften’ (governmental units) - Reich, 26 ‘Länder’ (states) and some 65,000 ‘Kommunen’ (municipalities). For reasons having to do with the data available, the period under consideration is confined to 1901-13.
The next section gives a brief overview of the national accounting framework with a focus on the theoretical definition and the historical identification of production and import taxes. In the third section, the production and import tax revenues of the Reich, the ‘Länder’ and the ‘Kommunen’ are gathered from contemporary statistical sources. For the ‘Kommunen’, for which aggregate figures do not exist, we will look at those of the largest six ‘Länder’ in detail (Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Württemberg, Baden and Alsace-Lorraine). The last section summarizes the results and puts them in a larger context” (Spoerer, a. a. O., S. 162).
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                                      <r:StartDate>1895</r:StartDate>
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                <r:Title>Spoerer, M., 1998: Taxes on Production and Imports in Germany, 1901 – 1913, in: Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 1998/Nr. 1, S. 161 - 179.</r:Title>
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            <r:Header>Weitere Hinweise</r:Header>
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